Testing Laboratories Law and Legal Definition
Testing laboratories are utilized by all manner of businesses to provide objective analytical data on the quality of a product or a process. Some companies look to testing labs for product certification, which can be a significant marketing tool, while others use testing labs to analyze the results of employee drug tests. Still other companies secure the services of environmental testing laboratories to check on water and soil quality before making a major land and/or facility purchase. Whatever the reason, the services offered by testing laboratories are often of great usefulness to businesses in a wide range of industry sectors.
The number and size of testing laboratories operating in the United States and many other industrialized nations has increased significantly over the last few decades. There are myriad reasons for this growth, but observers generally point to the rise in product testing for the bulk of the increase. "It's the significant diversity in products, growth in consumer demand, and the globalization of sourcing that are providing the major thrust behind testing and certification," claimed a testing industry executive in Appliance Manufacturer. Experts agree that these product analysis factors have had a significant impact, but several other trends have also been cited as key to the increased reliance on external testing labs. The rising expense of product liability insurance, for instance, has led many companies to utilize testing labs to check out new or "improved" products prior to general release. Small- to mid-sized companies often look to independent labs to serve as their quality control department. Testing laboratories have assumed this role with smaller companies in large measure because of the expense of maintaining comparable facilities in-house. Still, many big firms use them as well in order to secure independent results in areas of quality control and failure analysis.
It should be noted, however, that testing laboratories generally limit themselves to one specific testing area. For example, a company that conducts analysis of employee drug tests will rarely offer services in the realm of environmental analysis; similarly, a company that conducts tests on soil or water will not be of use to a small business owner who is seeking product quality testing services.
ADVANTAGES OF USING A TESTING LABORATORY
Business analysts, laboratory managers, and business owners—for both large and small organizations—agree that there are several significant advantages associated with utilizing the services of an independent testing lab. Three primary reasons that businesses choose off-site independent laboratories are: objectivity, economic considerations, and safety.
Objectivity
The independent, off-site testing laboratory focuses on its testing procedures to ensure accurate results. Companies often use the terms "third-party testing" or "tested by an independent laboratory" in advertising claims that guarantee that their test results are objective and free from the influence, guidance or control of interested parties. The independent laboratory exists for only one purpose: to provide objective, analytical data on the quality of a product or process. Testing laboratories invests considerable time, money and effort to ensure this objectivity. In keeping with this agenda, testing labs usually keep copious documentation on the internal processes that they follow to ensure objectivity and accuracy. Such information usually includes requirements for: training of personnel, especially analysts; maintenance and calibration of equipment; standardization and adoption of analytical methods; verification of results; sample recovery and handling procedures; quality control measurement procedures; internal and external proficiency programs and certifications; and accreditations.
Economic Considerations
Economics play a central role in the decision to utilize an outside testing laboratory to conduct quality and safety tests. This is especially true for small firms. Indeed, small business owners engaged in establishing or fortifying their enterprises will likely have a host of things on which they will want to spend their money, from new equipment to new advertising campaigns to work force or facility expansion. These businesses may well be better off financially by securing the services of an outside entity, despite the expense involved there, rather than setting up internal testing facilities. Moreover, many businesses that decide to establish internal testing facilities do so without fully factoring in the ancillary costs associated with such activity. Running a testing laboratory includes many costs that may be overlooked in an initial analysis of the undertaking. These include corporate or upper management salaries and benefits; liability insurance; additional professional services (legal or accounting); and finally the opportunity cost associated with investing the funds necessary for such an undertaking in a more profit-making activities.
Safety
Many companies engaged in producing potentially hazardous materials prefer to utilize an outside testing firm to minimize the danger of in-house exposure to hazardous agents.
CHOOSING A TESTING LABORATORY
There are many criteria to consider when selecting a testing laboratory. These criteria will be shaped to some degree by the situation of the company making the selection; for example, a smaller company that needs only limited testing done may well make its selection exclusively on the basis of price and quality. But for many companies of varying sizes, several other factors are usually considered as well. It's important to take as much care in selecting a laboratory as one might in selecting a financial advisor—the accuracy of the results may affect decisions worth thousands or even millions of dollars.
There are several basic criteria upon which testing laboratories should be selected:
- Quality and accuracy of testing
- Turnaround time
- Nature of analysis services provided
- Additional services
- Cost
- Certification/accreditation
Quality
This is the most vital consideration in judging any testing lab. Small business owners should look for labs that maintain and adhere to documented quality control programs. A good laboratory should be eager to discuss its quality control program with potential clients. It should have a quality assurance manager whose sole responsibility is the implementation of quality control programs and the monitoring of the same. Those quality control programs should also: perform multi-point calibrations; analyze control standards; use analytical methods in testing; test for inadvertent skewing of results; and test for reproducible results.
Turnaround
The amount of time necessary to get results on tests from independent labs depends to a large extent on the area in which the labs are involved. Product testing labs, for example, typically take months to complete their tests, and environmental analyses take longer than do medical or clinical tests. Still, most environmental tests can be completed in a week or two, and some environmental, clinical, or medical labs are able to speed up analyses in exchange for additional compensation.
Nature of Services
Businesses requiring environmental, clinical, or medical tests should find out about the following before committing to a testing laboratory:
- Can the laboratory supply the necessary sample collection equipment and/or guidance?
- Can the laboratory take the sample itself?
- Do the samples have to be delivered or will the lab pick them up?
- Are you given the opportunity to communicate with personnel directly involved in the testing process?
- If the laboratory can not offer a certain kind of test, will it provide good referrals to other facilities that can do so?
Expense
Cost is always a concern, especially for smaller businesses with more modest financial resources. But small business owners should make sure that they fully understand the extent of the testing and other services that they are receiving before signing an agreement.
Certification
All testing laboratory candidates should be asked to provide prospective clients with documentation as to the certifications and/or accreditations the lab carries. Certification requirements differs from state to state and from application to application. This is one reason why testing labs often specialize in one or two areas of expertise. For the client, the consequences of a poorly produced testing result may range from worthless data to the potentially staggering costs associated with correcting for actions taken based on incorrect data.
Companies preparing a product for testing and certification should make arrangements with a reliable testing laboratory early in the process, so that all procedural issues can be addressed in advance and so both sides are on the same page regarding such issues as timeline and necessary information exchange. "Communication is probably the most important aspect of dealing with an outside certification agency," stated one executive in Appliance Manufacturer.
Future Challenges
Several challenges loom for both the testing industry and those companies that utilize its services in the next few years. For example, the rapid expansion of the global marketplace has brought with it a corresponding expansion in the testing and certification offerings of laboratories. Most observers believe that American firms' ability to make inroads into international markets will partially depend on the pace at which the international business community is able to settle on common testing and certification standards. Observers point to the European Community's CE Mark as a key component of any harmonization. (The CE Mark is a visible declaration by the manufacturer that the equipment which is marked complies with all the requirements of all the applicable European Union (EU) directives.) "[Harmonization is] becoming a major thrust mainly because testing and certification are built into the CE-Marking approach created by the Europeans," one American executive told Appliance Manufacturer. "The CE Mark is the EU-required safety mark that must be affixed in order for products to travel freely throughout the EU." Most experts agree that the development of one globally accepted mark of certification lies some time off because of the lack of a single international legal system that can ensure compliance.
Another factor that is expected to have a significant impact on independent laboratory practices is the Internet. "The laboratory-services industry is eyeing the Internet as a potential tool for expansion," said Sue Robinson in Seafood Business. She noted that many analysts believe that testing companies will become even more vital as products are sold online because such sight-unseen transactions will place an even greater premium on third-party assurances of quality.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
"Circling the Globe." Appliance Manufacturer. August 1997.
Cook, Robert C. "A Tale of UL Testing." Security Management. July 1995.
Crowe, Michelle. "Testing Lab Provides Other Firms with a Competitive Edge." The Business Journal. 9 February 1998.
Feldman, Jonathan. "Justify My Lab—Testing Labs Have Real Costs and Benefits: They're just difficult to quantify. Be prepared to make your pitch in terms that management can understand." Network Computing. 25 September 2003.
Litsikas, Mary. "Put Products Through Their Environmental Paces." Quality. February 1997.
Morgan, Robert. "Off-Site Labs Right on Target: An Independent Lab May Be Better than Doing Your Own Testing." Food Processing. August 1995.
Munzer, Michael. "Research: Outsourcing of R&D, Testing Seen Increasing in Popularity." American Metal Market. 14 May 1996.
Robinson, Sue. "Lab Services." Seafood Business. December 2000.
Zuckerman, Amy. "Sorting Out the Seals of Approval." New York Times. 16 July 2000.
Hillstrom, Northern Lights
updated by Magee, ECDI
